The prevalence rate of severe asthma in industrialized countries ranges from 2 to 10%. Asthma is common in industrialized countries such as Canada, England, Australia, Germany, and New Zealand, where much of the asthma data have been collected. Annually, the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 15 million disability-adjusted life-years are lost and 250,000 asthma deaths are reported worldwide. Epidemiology of AsthmaĪsthma affects an estimated 300 million individuals worldwide. If not corrected rapidly, asthma may become more difficult to treat, as the mucus production prevents the inhaled medication from reaching the mucosa. This leads to a significant increase in airway resistance, which is most pronounced on expiration. The pathological process begins with the inhalation of an irritant or an allergen, which then, due to bronchial hypersensitivity, leads to airway inflammation and an increase in mucus production. Remove the client from the source of the allergen.Īsthma is a condition of acute, fully reversible airway inflammation, often following exposure to an environmental trigger.Calm the client during the asthma attack.
Treatmentįor all but the most severely affected clients, the ultimate goal is to prevent symptoms, minimize morbidity from acute episodes, and prevent functional and psychological morbidity. Asthma prevalence is increased in extremes of age due to airway responsiveness and lower levels of lung function. About 60% are diagnosed before the age of 18 years. After puberty, the prevalence of asthma is greater in females. In childhood, asthma is more common in boys with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1 until puberty when the ratio becomes 1:1. It is significantly more common in children. Incidence/ClassificationĪsthma is a common pathology, affecting around 15% to 20% of people in developed countries and around 2% to 4% in less developed countries. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA), or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), is an asthma variant defined as a condition in which exercise or vigorous physical activity triggers acute bronchoconstriction in persons with heightened airway reactivity. The presence of acid in the distal esophagus, mediated via vagal or other neural reflexes, can significantly increase airway resistance and reactivity. Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) can also cause asthma. Even certain medications can trigger asthma: aspirin and other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and beta-blockers (which are used to treat high blood pressure, heart conditions, and migraine). Other triggers include cold air, extreme emotional arousals such as anger or fear, and physical exercise. outdoor allergens (such as pollens and molds).indoor allergens (for example, house dust mites in bedding, carpets and stuffed furniture, pollution, and pet dander).The strongest risk factors for developing asthma are a combination of genetic predisposition with environmental exposure to inhaled substances and particles that may provoke allergic reactions or irritate the airways, such as: The fundamental causes of asthma are not completely understood. With continued exposure to inflammation, it can lead to irreversible remodeling of the airway, making the management of asthma symptoms and disease control increasingly difficult. These changes result in a reduction of the diameter of the airways, making breathing more difficult. Bronchospasm occurs in the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles secretion increases in viscosity and elastic recoil decreases. The epithelial lining in the airway responds by becoming inflamed and edematous. It is the most common chronic disease in childhood, affecting an estimated 7 million children, and it is a common cause of hospitalization for children in the United States.Īsthma is a chronic disease with acute exacerbations characterized by intermittent airway obstruction in response to various stimuli. Asthma is a common chronic disease worldwide and affects approximately 26 million persons in the United States.
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